⑵Productivity
Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send. ⑶Duality
Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels. ⑷Displacement
Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. ⑸Cultural transmission
Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.
1.2.3 Functions of language 语言的功能
Descriptive function, expressive function, social function
Six elements of a speech event specified by Jakobson: Addresser - Emotive 感情功能 Addressee - Conative 意动功能 Context - Referential 所指功能 Message - Poetic 诗歌功能
Contact - Phatic communion 寒暄功能 Code - Metalinguistic 无语言功能
Chapter Two Phonology
2.2 Phonetics（语音学）
2.2.1定义
Phonetics: the study of the phonic medium of language: it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.
是指对语言的语音媒介进行的研究，它关注语言世界中的所有语音
2.2.2 Organs of speech
3个区域：the pharyngeal cavity 咽腔-the throat，the oral cavity口腔-the mouth，nasal cavity 鼻腔-the nose 清音Voiceless
When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart ,letting air go through without causing vibration ,the sounds produced in such a condition are called voiceless sounds. 浊音Voicing
Sounds produced while the vocal cords are vibrating are called voiced sounds.
2.2.3宽式音标和严式音标
宽式音标Broad transcription
The transcription of speech sounds with letter symbols only. 严式音标Narrow transcription
The transcription of speech sound with letters symbols and the diacritics. 送气Aspirated 不送气Unaspirated
2.2.4Classification of English speech sounds英语语音的分类
Vowel and consonant元音辅音
Vowel
The sounds in the production of which no articulators come very close together and the air stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction are called vowels.
Classification of English consonants
a: in terms of the manners of articulation(发音方式): Stops(爆破音): pb td kg 6
Fricatives(摩擦音): /f/ /v/ /θ/ /e/ /s/ /z/ /?/ /?/ h/ /r/ 8 Affricatives(塞擦音): /t?/ /d?/ Liquids(清音): /l/ /r/ Nasals(鼻音): /m,n,η/ Glides(滑音): /w j/
b: in terms of place of articulation(发音部位) bilabials(双唇音): /p b m w/ labiodentals(唇齿音): /f v/ dentals(齿音): /e//θ/ alveolars(齿龈音): /t d n l r s/ 6 palatals(腭音): /j ? ? t? d / 5 velars(软腭音): /k gη/ glottal(喉音): /h/
